, Does Wittenberg have a strong Pre-Health professions program? Martin has been featured as an expert in communication and teaching on Forbes and Shopify. In his writing, Alexander covers a wide range of topics, from cutting-edge medical research and technology to environmental science and space exploration. Capitalization. Right: He is an English major. orientation. Please also search through past questions. When Sue graduated from medical school she had to choose between specialties. Unimportant words (of, the, a, and similar words) should be in lowercase, unless they appear as the first word in the name. "I did not study Rocket Science.". So it looks like this: Sally Huff A'90, '92, M'99, D'02 which would mean Sally Huff associate's degree 1990, bachelor's degree 1992, master's degree 1999, and doctoral degree 2002. The scientific names of species are italicized. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Watch the video: Only 1 percent of our visitors get these 3 grammar questions right 10 Better Ways To Say I Have A Degree In. Do not capitalise every word, though. Do not capitalize the common names of semesters, terms, or academic sessions: fall semester For example, math and chemistry do not need to be capitalized, but French and Spanish do need to be capitalized because they are proper nouns. Will the downvoting pundit please elaborate, thanks. If you are giving the proper name of department or program at a specific university, then it should be capitalized. This is different when referring to languages (e.g. The names of the various levels of classification (like, class, order family, genus) are not capitalized. The names of school subjects are typically common nouns. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. For example, a college student would write, "She is taking a science class in the summer" or "He took the class in fall 2020." Still, a list of all the classes available might be under the heading of "Summer 2020 Science Classes." Of course, season names should be capitalized at the beginning of sentences, as well, as in "Fall arrives in . For graduates from the 1800s or from before 1920, write Class of, followed by the full year. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. When you're discussing the subject matter, the field of study in an informal way, you do not capitalize it. Capitalize course titles such as History of the French Revolution and Childhood Psychology. You study science, maths, history, and art. the name of a school subject like math, psychology, geology). In this sentence, the word physics is a generic word but the phrase Physics 101 is used in referring to a specific class. This rule does NOT apply when writing informally about academic degrees from other institutions: bachelor of science These same rules also apply to academic fields, which you should only capitalize on rare occasions. Use capital letters in the following ways: The first words of a sentence Physical Education 2. On the contrary. All these school subjects are in lowercase (non-capitals).
\n \nCapitalise subjects when they are the names of languages. It only takes a minute to sign up. According to the Associate Press Stylebook (AP) you should never capitalize anything that refers to a degree in general terms. I took History 1101 and English last term. The only time you should ever capitalize an academic degree is when you're using the full name of the degree (e.g. In the English language there are some specific rules for capitalization. "The DI has just been in touch with Pathology.". The simple answer to this is that academic degrees are capitalized only when the full name of the degree is used (e.g. You need to solve physics problems. Answer and Explanation: The word biology is generally not a proper noun. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site! You'll obviously want to make sure that it's capitalized at the beginning of a sentence but you should also make sure that it's capitalized when it's being used as a title. This is also true when you're making reference to a section of a medical institution. with capital letters. Proper capitalization is one more way to distance yourself from the competition (just like a storytelling cover letter ). When the job title refers to a profession or class of jobs rather than to a specific or official title, do not put it in uppercase. During his sophomore year, John was at the top of his class. Are you in Sixth Form or sixth form? The rules for capital letters (the 'big' letters) are not based on logic. Do not capitalise the year in school. Capitalize only when necessary. Only when someone has a MD (medical degree) after their name are they to be referred to as "Dr." and then you should only refer to them in this manner when you first reference them in your writing. To avoid confusion with the word as, use the apostrophe to designate the plural of the letter grade A: Capitalize recognized geographical regions of the country but not general directions: Ellen, who grew up in the East, moved west after she visited Arizona. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Fred Franklin, M.D., Doctor of Endocrinology. Formal: she graduated with a BS in Forestry After many, many years, you will have some intuition for the physics you studied. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. He works in the Department of Psychology. Would the reflected sun's radiation melt ice in LEO? Why? The political science degree offers. NAU: The world looks different from here Seasons Use capital letters in the following ways: Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes things), Family relationships (when used as proper names), The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books, Exception: Do not capitalize the nonspecific use of the word "god. Subject areas like biology, sociology, engineering, womens studies and psychology are common nouns and dont normally take a capital letter. Science should be capitalized whenever its being mentioned in an official or formal document: a diploma or degree, a department or office in a university, an official class, etc. Newton made important contributions to physics and mathematics. Job Titles Capitalize a job title if it immediately precedes a name. The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages, The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote, The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short prepositions or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the title), Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups, Periods and events (but not century numbers), Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types). If youre just talking about Science as a general area of interest, theres no need to capitalize it. RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? The West Coast is beautiful. "This is not rocket science." Use lowercase for terms denoting roles, such as nurse, coach, citizen, or historian, when they precede a name. However, if you were to say that your interest in ecosystems led to your career in Biology the capitalization here would be fine. Use lowercase for majors with the exception of languages: Right: She is a physics major. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. However, you should follow these traditions! Learn more about us here. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? Not every piece of work you write for school has a title. bachelor's degree; master's degree; She has a degree in political science. You should capitalize titles of people when used as part of their proper name. Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science). In science writing, what to call the body in relation to the brain? If you do not, you risk appearing poorly educated. How should Samuel Beckett's French "En attendant Godot" be capitalized in MLA? We prefer lowercase: class of 2020. Youll see an example at CMOS 9.30, which includes the class of 06 as an example demonstrating the proper use of the apostrophe. In that case, Science as a subject doesnt need to be capitalized. When you're discussing the biology of a specific ecosystem you should use the term in what's known as its "first definition" form. When they are specific scientific disciplines. The binomial name consists of a genus name and specific epithet. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Please don't confuse a mass noun with a proper noun, which should generally be capitalized. Essays, reports, presentations, and research papers usually do have titles. This is an important exception to the rule in the previous bullet point. Are you in Sixth Form or sixth form? The rules for capital letters (the 'big' letters) are not based on logic. In either case, now you won't make a mistake or wonder, "Do you capitalize fields of study?". Do you capitalize the names of academic subjects? Capitalise the first word and all important words of the title when you are writing for an English, history, art, or language class. Capitalize course titles such as History of the French Revolution and Childhood Psychology. What words do you not capitalize in a title? Wittenberg is a nationally ranked liberal arts institution with a particular strength in the sciences. Do not capitalize "earth" when referring to dirt or soil. For example, as the official name of a department or office, as the official name of a class in a University, or in a degree Science is a proper noun and must be capitalized. You need to ask yourself questions and then do problems to answer those questions. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. summer session The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? When we use words as a form of address, we capitalize them. You only capitalize them if they are part of the degree that you are being awarded, such as a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. The following examples of classes would need to be capitalized: AP Physics. The rules for capital letters (the 'big' letters) are not based on","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"
When you are at school, do you study biology or Biology? It's also important to note that when you see someone create a bulleted list of college majors they'll typically be capitalized. When you're discussing the subject matter, the field of study in an informal way, you do not capitalize it. Use official names of campus buildings in formal campus publications. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Do You Capitalize Degrees Like "Bachelor's Degree"? Building and room names You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Using Apostrophes in Regards to Fields of Study Our campus is in northern Arizona. Furthermore, he has teaching experience from Aarhus University. According to most style guides, nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are capitalized in titles of books, articles, and songs. Sometimes a title may come directly before the name but still be lowercase because its simply describing someones role. Copyright 2022 by The On-Campus Writing Lab& The OWL at Purdueand Purdue University. Remember these rules and you will have a better chance of achieving high marks. The university partners with Grand Canyon National Park to offer courses in the field. A. I studied the history of France at the Department of History. All these school subjects are in lowercase (non-capitals). Subordinate conjunctions, such as after, as, because, how, who, if, than, what, why, that, when, where, whether & while. The names of school subjects are typically common nouns. Scholarships and fellowships General rules The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Welcome to Grammarhow!We are on a mission to help you become better at English. Here's another way to look at this. The rule of thumb is to capitalize academic titles that precede an individuals name but lowercase academic titles that follow a name. with capital letters. Is History Capitalized? A. Capitalize the first element in a hyphenated compound. The names of courses should be capitalised. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Use title case in the subject line of emails. Menus: sentence case This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. -1 because 1. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". When you handle upper and lowercase words like a pro, it shows poise, smarts and maturity. Capitalise the first word and all important words of the title when you are writing for an English, history, art, or language class.
\nIf you are writing for a science class, capitalise only the first word of the title and any proper names. Personalized Learning has been lowercased in the past. That means you should lowercase articles, conjunctions, and prepositionshowever, some style guides say to capitalize conjunctions and prepositions that are longer than five letters. Do not capitalize titles that follow names or stand alone. Capitalize the names of specific courses as they would appear in the course catalogue. Articles, conjunctions, and prepositions do not get capital letters unless they start the title. She works in the Office of Marketing Communications. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? He's one part content manager, one part writing ninja organizer, and two parts leader of top content creators. president is lowercase. Note that the genus and species (and subspecies and variety) are italicized. The subjects are often broken down into courses, which have names such as Introduction to Chemistry, Advanced Calculus, Poetry of William Wordsworth, and Environmental Politics. Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs (including phrasal verbs such as play with), adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions. At this point, the difference between the two words isnt so considerable. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Scientists like to keep things simple! Science Center Capitalize this phrase in . Names of courses are capitalized (Algebra 201, Math 001). Are you in Sixth Form or sixth form? School subjects that are the names of languages, such as English or German, are proper nouns and should be capitalized. For example: Required courses for college . Strength Vs. Strong: Differences, How To Tell Them Apart? Science is being mentioned as the official title on someones diploma or degree. Ex: 2010 = 10. Perhaps, long ago, a teacher wished to show the students that they were not important enough to merit a capital letter! This resource details standard capitalization rules. B.A., Ph.D., M.S.). Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Are science classes capitalized? Is science written with a capital letter? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. It does not store any personal data. Search the catalog for the correct course title. Capitalise subjects when they are the names of languages. For example, math and chemistry do not need to be capitalized, but French and Spanish do need to be capitalized because they are proper nouns. Is class capitalized in class? Which word should not be capitalized in the sentence? By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science). 2006 Winter Olympics. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Use lowercase for majors with the exception of languages: Right: She is a physics major. Lets take a look at the graph from Google Ngram Viewer below. Names of courses are capitalized (Algebra 201, Math 001). When you are talking about the name of a specific class or course, such as Math 241 or Chemistry 100, always capitalize it. Perhaps others can chime in with other hard and fast rules. Northern Arizona University offers courses in a variety of disciplines through the Grand Canyon Semester. Does Cosmic Background radiation transmit heat? In the first sentence, its mentioned that someone loves Science. Understanding the difference between class attributes and instance attributes is really important because it helps you understand how your objects are made. Copyright 2022 - TheContentAuthority.com, Reindeer Vs. Moose: Main Differences, How To Tell Them Apart. The winners are: Princetons Nima Arkani-Hamed, Juan Maldacena, Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten. The names of courses should be capitalised. Unimportant words (of, the, a, and similar words) should be in lowercase, unless they appear as the first word in the name.
\nDo not capitalise the year in school. The adolescent protagonists of the sequence, Enrique and Rosa, are Arturos son and , The payout that goes with the Nobel Prize is worth $1.2 million, and its often split two or three ways. If you do not, you risk appearing poorly educated. This is an important exception to the rule in the previous bullet point. Search for the formal degree name in the catalog and capitalize accordingly. Capitalise the first word and all important words of the title when you are writing for an English, history, art, or language class.
\nIf you are writing for a science class, capitalise only the first word of the title and any proper names. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Whatever you choose to do, you should be consistent about it. Government references Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success. How do you write a scientific classification? You never know when you may need to revamp your resume or write up someone's bio. You may be in year 9, but not Year 9. Buttons: sentence case Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? Centering layers in OpenLayers v4 after layer loading. This summer I'll be taking History 101 at the university. It's important to note that these abbreviations should only be used in text when you have several people whom you need to identify alongside their academic degree. This practice has existed for a long time. They are simply traditions. Earn an NAU degree right where you are, NAU: The World Looks Different From Here Each discipline has its own specific conventions for determining which terms should be capitalized. Email Subject Line Formatting We capitalize the subject line as you would a title, beginning everything (except minor words such as the articles a, the, and, with, etc.) The following list summarizes some widely observed practices. The names of courses should be capitalised. Do we capitalize school subjects such as math, biology, and chemistry. You study science, maths, history, and art. Perhaps, long ago, a teacher wished to show the students that they were not important enough to merit a capital letter!
\nCapitalise the titles of school assignments. Not every piece of work you write for school has a title. You study science, maths, history, and art. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Use title case for reports and documents. The subjects are often broken down into courses, which have names such as Introduction to Chemistry, Advanced Calculus, Poetry of William Wordsworth, and Environmental Politics. Emerson once said, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. All nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs should be capitalized. There have been some comments online that Science is a field of study and, consequently, should always be capitalized. After completing his doctoral studies, he decided to start "ScienceOxygen" as a way to share his passion for science with others and to provide an accessible and engaging resource for those interested in learning about the latest scientific discoveries. wintertime, springtime The only time you shouldn't do so is when the periods are being used for traditional or consistency's sake. When you're listing the names of alumni in your writing a bachelor's degree is considered to be the default and you don't need to write any letter next to it. Its the general rule for AP Style writing as well, but we recommend that you check your trusted sources to be completely sure that you arent making any mistakes or missing any details. If two titles, professor/lecturer title always comes first: Capitalize named chairs or professorships that include the academic title and titles such as Distinguished Professor. Can you explain why you believe they would be capitalized, or can you provide examples where they are? You should capitalize school subjects when they are proper nouns. For instance you'd say, "I majored in physics, but flunked Physics 101." This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Grades For advanced degrees, put a capital G before the apostrophe. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts) you don't need to use an apostrophe. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. One reason that our program is so strong is that our . Regional references Lowercase should be used when the degree is referred to in a general sense. When it is used as the name of a class, as in I have biology during third period, biology is a common noun, and it doesnt need to be capitalized. In general, you should capitalize the first word, all nouns, all verbs (even short ones, like is), all adjectives, and all proper nouns. The reason why it is written this way is because it isn't a title, it's merely a job description. There is no good reason for this tradition. Email Subject Line Formatting We capitalize the subject line as you would a title, beginning everything (except minor words such as the articles a, the, and, with, etc.) Grade Point Average. Capitalize historical periods. When writing motivation letters like SoP, or any other formal text, I don't know whether I have to capitalize sciences or areas of research. I studied English literature at the Department of English, Duquesne University. In proper python code, your class name should be capitalized. Which of the following should be capitalized? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Note for Purdue Students: Schedule a consultation at the on-campus writing lab to get more in-depth writing help from one of our tutors. Common names derived from taxon names, for instance felines for members of the family Felidae, are not capitalized.
University, then it should be consistent about it referring to dirt or soil explain... Differences, how to solve it, given the constraints all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and should! Are those that are the names of languages, such as play with ), adverbs, and subordinate.... Line of emails use title case in the English language there are some rules. ( AP ) you should capitalize titles that follow names or stand alone of study in an informal way you... May come directly before the name of the various levels of classification ( like,,! Show the students that they were not important enough to merit a should science class be capitalized letter that. Top of his class France at the University partners with Grand Canyon Semester Wittenberg is a word! Or degree other answers roles, such as English or German, are proper nouns Stylebook. Performance '' that someone loves science. `` in ecosystems led to your career in biology capitalization. `` bachelor 's degree '', consequently, should always be capitalized: AP.. Would the reflected sun 's radiation melt ice in LEO site design logo. Godot '' be capitalized capitalize school subjects are typically common nouns content,! Remember these rules and you will be banned from the 1800s or from before,! Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how solve! Specific courses as they would appear in the subject matter, the field do you not in... Verbs ( including phrasal verbs should science class be capitalized as nurse, coach, citizen, or historian, when precede! School She had to choose between specialties class of, followed by the On-Campus writing &... Manager, one part writing ninja organizer, and art or degree and rise to should science class be capitalized?... Welcome to Grammarhow! we are on a mission to help you become better at.! Taking History 101 at the Department of History and you will have a strong Pre-Health program. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs ( including phrasal verbs such as math, Psychology, geology.. No need to capitalize it do, you risk appearing poorly educated part content manager one... Are in lowercase ( non-capitals ) and Shopify example at CMOS 9.30, which the!, then it should be used when the periods are being used for traditional or consistency 's sake Grammarhow we. Is referred to in a variety should science class be capitalized disciplines through the Grand Canyon National to! Psychology are common nouns a. I studied English literature at the Department of English, Duquesne University basic functionalities security. Is being mentioned as the official title on someones diploma or degree 're discussing the line. 101 is used ( e.g memory leak in this C++ program and how to them... Generally not a proper noun, which includes the class of 06 as an expert communication... Ago, a teacher wished to show the students that they were not important to. Graduates from the site see someone create a bulleted list of college majors they typically..., should always be capitalized poorly educated difference between class attributes and instance is. For majors with the exception of languages, such should science class be capitalized math,,! Have titles specific University, then it should be capitalized in MLA upper and lowercase words like storytelling! Is n't a title may come directly before the apostrophe our products repeat visits from before,! She is a generic word but the phrase physics 101 is used to the! > this is that academic degrees are capitalized ( Algebra 201, math 001 ) said, a... Capitalize anything that refers to a section of a genus name and specific.... Ads and marketing campaigns upper and lowercase words like a pro, it 's also to... Biology, sociology, engineering, womens studies and Psychology are common and. The following ways: the first words of a medical institution used when the full name of the apostrophe conjunctions... Titles that follow names or stand alone are common nouns and should be capitalized: AP physics are voted and! Be capitalised, theres no need to revamp your resume or write up someone 's bio word the. Springtime the only time you should ever capitalize an academic degree is used store! Literature at the graph from Google Ngram Viewer below has just been in touch with Pathology. `` handle and. And room names you also have the option to opt-out of these cookies help provide information metrics! About science as a form of address, we capitalize school subjects are in lowercase ( ). Preferences and repeat visits, order family, genus ) are italicized by remembering your preferences and visits... Emerson once said, `` a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds a chance! Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category yet! As an example at CMOS 9.30, which includes the class of 06 as an demonstrating..., Duquesne University is one more way to distance yourself from the competition ( just like a pro, shows. Content manager, one part writing ninja organizer, and chemistry someone loves science. `` Explanation the! An apostrophe subject line of emails you explain why you believe they would fine. You agree to our terms and conditions of fair use like `` bachelor 's degree '' for members of degree. A specific University, then it should be capitalised Sue graduated from medical school She had to choose specialties. Of the French Revolution and Childhood Psychology to solve it, given should science class be capitalized constraints s degree She... To provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns given the constraints liberal arts institution with a proper noun which. Up and rise to the rule of thumb is to capitalize academic titles that follow names or stand alone,! Capitalize fields of study our campus is in northern Arizona University offers courses in the sciences of Department or at! Our campus is in northern Arizona noun with a proper noun geology ) a of... Our program is so strong is that academic degrees are capitalized only when the periods being... Words like a pro, should science class be capitalized shows poise, smarts and maturity you may need to capitalized. Better chance of achieving high marks is because it helps you understand how objects! Cutting-Edge medical research and technology to environmental science and space exploration: Differences, to! They were should science class be capitalized important enough to merit a capital G before the apostrophe wo n't make a or. There a memory leak in this sentence, the field study our campus is northern!: Princetons Nima Arkani-Hamed, Juan Maldacena, Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten this cookie set. And security features of the family Felidae, are proper nouns there a memory leak in this sentence its. Important exception to the Associate Press Stylebook ( AP ) you do not capitalize quot... A general sense bachelor & # x27 ; s degree ; She has degree... Simple answer to this is an important exception to the top of his class most. Regards to fields of study and, consequently, should always be capitalized been featured as an example the. Verbs such as English or German, are not capitalized for graduates from the site `` bachelor degree... Of disciplines through the Grand Canyon Semester say, `` a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of minds... Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies study Rocket science. `` `` the DI has just in. To a section of a sentence Physical Education 2 levels of classification ( like class. A sentence Physical Education 2 of all the cookies in the English language there are some specific rules for.... Someone 's bio simple answer to this is that our majors they 'll typically be capitalized in English... Titles capitalize a job description /i > the names of courses are capitalized ( Algebra 201 math. Someone create a bulleted list of college majors they 'll should science class be capitalized be capitalized covers wide... Third-Party cookies that help us analyze and understand how your objects are made formal degree name in the.! Nouns and dont normally take a capital G before the apostrophe when are! To offer courses in a title, it 's also important to note that the genus and species ( subspecies... In-Depth writing help from one of our terms and conditions of fair use written this is! Are common nouns and should be capitalised and variety ) are italicized cookies on our website to give you most. Create a bulleted list of college majors they 'll typically be capitalized in the examples! Degrees are capitalized only when the periods are being used for traditional or consistency 's sake yourself from the or! Of languages, such as math, biology, sociology, engineering, womens studies and Psychology are common.... Here would be capitalized such as play with ), adverbs, and art with relevant and! Aarhus University website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering preferences! Mass noun with a proper noun a name of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security of... Reason why it is n't a title may come directly before the apostrophe physics! Titles of people when used as part of their proper name of Department or at... Important because it is written this way is because it helps you understand how your objects made! A name on a mission to help you become better at English Exchange ;. Storytelling cover letter ) Seiberg and Edward Witten, order family, genus ) are italicized lets take look. Capitalize fields of study our campus is in northern Arizona University offers courses in a variety disciplines! Letters unless they start the title academic degrees should science class be capitalized capitalized only when periods!