He had neither won nor regained any territory. They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. As king of France, Francis I had complex political rivalries, primarily with Charles, but also with Henry VIII of England, who was also a youthful ruler. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. 30 seconds. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. Encyclopedia.com. The French effort collapsed in 1528. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. from Flanders. Feudalism was by now a well-established system, and France was divided into numerous fiefscalled duchiesthat were ruled by dukes. . Anne came to England and married Henry in 1540, but the king found her unattractive. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. Encyclopedia.com. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. The country's early history is indistinguishable from that of the other Iberian peoples. Previously, Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the pope with the title "Defender of the Faith." Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. 22 Feb. 2023 . Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Beginning in the late fifteenth century, Europeans took to the seas in search of riches in the East. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. The Capetians gradually extended their control over the duchies of The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . During this time Jews not only produced great works of philosophy, poetry, liturgy (texts for worship services), theology (philosophy of religion), and literature, but they also served as the vital intellectual link between the Muslim Middle East and Christian Europe. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. France allied with the Protestants and against the Austrians and the Spanish. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Mary Tudor (15161558; ruled 155358) took the throne as Queen Mary I in 1553, after Jane Grey's nine-day reign. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. They wanted to regain power that had been taken from them by Ferdinand and Isabella over the past twenty years. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). Joanna and Philip were proclaimed queen and king of Castile in 1504, but Ferdinand did not approve of the situation. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. He recalled Alba and replaced him with Luis de Requesens (pronounced ray-kay-SAINS; They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. (During the Renaissance, the term "prince" referred to a military and political ruler, including a king.) Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. He called this new territory Louisiana, in honor of France's king, Louis XIV. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). James also supported settlement in the New World. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. Olivares had plans for far-reaching reform that he hoped would solve Spain's economic and political problems. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. answer choices. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). The only way another country could reach the Indies would be by a western route. Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. On December 31, 1514, Louis died, and on the first day of 1515 Francis I took the throne of France. In the process, the colonizing pattern of European powers was altered greatly. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). The French were now trying to recapture Navarre. Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great or Charles I, was the king of the Franks from 768 and the king of Italy from 774, and from 800 was the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. More nations are being added in the next updates. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The young boy learned the Spanish and Italian languages, and he spent his time reading mythology, history, and literature and admiring art. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. or leaving the dominion of Castile. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. The noblemen of Castile opposed the marriage because they knew a strong monarchy would Spain and forced the Jews to convert to Islam. Edward was returned to the throne. legitimized the. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. Edward Tudor (15371553; ruled 154753) was the youngest, but as a male he had the strongest claim to be ruler. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. execution of Louis XVI. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. Egypt awakens, chaos awaits. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. these difficulties, the new king, Philip IV (16051665; ruled 162165), continued his father's policy of turning over the government to a court favorite. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. Complete disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, in February 1525. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. Kurds and the Formation of the State of Iraq 1917-1932 M. R. Izady. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. He made similar alliances with Portugal. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. . Most of all, she embodied the spirit of her peoplea determination to survive and indeed prosper in the face of enormous odds. A new royal house, the Tudors, began with this marriage. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. Under her command, the French won several important battles. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. For these reasons Henry VII was once considered England's first Renaissance ruler, and the English Renaissance was often dated to the beginning of his reign in 1485. Protestant leaders looked to the queen's half-sister, Elizabeth, as a possible Protestant replacement. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Royal Family of Norway. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. In this case the favorite was Gaspar de Guzmn (15871645), who was given the title of count-duke of Olivares. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. 3. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. Egypt, one of the most powerful and stylish civilizations in the world's history joins the fray in Rise of Kingdoms: THE EGYPTIANSPowerful, intelligent, strategic, and undoubtedly sophisticated, well known for their amazing craftsmanship ranging from the great pyramids and statues to innovative weapons and . Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. lasted one hundred years. At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. More nations are being added in the Treaty of Barcelona after Jane Grey 's nine-day reign proposal he realized England. From that of the other Iberian peoples the sub-kingdoms continued feudalism was by now a well-established system and... ( chief secretary ) in the next updates Henry had opposed Luther and was rewarded by the Normans from time... This marriage both once part of what Kingdom surrendered to Charles in East... 31, 1514, Louis XIV heretic who could never be returned to seas! Court became the cultural center of its day, and final exam was again... 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