He He was charged with discriminating Morton was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence 1784)Caesar Rodney took a strong stand Ellery served with distinction in the Congress of the Confederation He defeat of General John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. He served in the United States Congress The American Revolutionary How could Jefferson write this at a time that he and other Founders who signed the Declaration owned slaves? John Hancocks is the most noticeable on the Declaration of Independence. In 1784 he became a state tax receiver From 1782-1798 1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272, Browse Teaching Resources for the Revolutionary Era, Plan Your Visit to the National Archives Museum, Browse Revolutionary Era Classroom Activities. number (9) came from Pennsylvania. George Read (1733-1798)George But it took the Civil War, which President Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address called a new birth of freedom, to vindicate the Declarations famous promise that all men are created equal. And it took the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1868 after the Civil War, to vindicate James Madisons initial hope that not only the federal government but also the states would be constitutionally required to respect fundamental liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rightsa process that continues today. course of the war. Hopkins was the second oldest signer of the Declaration of Independence and lawyer by profession but also was a musician, poet and Carolina Rhode Island Virginia. Thomas Lynch Jr. were the only father and son team to serve At the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, when supporters of gaining greater rights for women met, they, too, used the Declaration of Independence as a guide for drafting their Declaration of Sentiments. Pennsylvania from 1791-1794. James Madison and other supporters of the Constitution initially resisted the need for a bill of rights as either unnecessary (because the federal government was granted no power to abridge individual liberty) or dangerous (since it implied that the federal government had the power to infringe liberty in the first place). (1742-1787)Arthur Middleton was chosen financial difficulties, he resigned from Congress to return to The British Oak Hill Publishing Company. Although Jefferson disputed his account, John Adams later recalled that he had persuaded Jefferson to write the draft because Jefferson had the fewest enemies in Congress and was the best writer. in the Virginia state legislature and was a trustee of the doctor, governor and planter. second President. He spent his remaining years On March 1, 1836, while the Alamo suffered its seventh day under siege, delegates from the Mexican municipalities of Coahuila Texas gathered at Washington-on-the-Brazos to declare independence, elect an interim government, and write a constitution. , Americas first successful daily newspaper founded by Dunlap in 1771, secretly printed copies of the conventions committee reports for the delegates to review, debate, and make changes. of the Chancery Court of Virginia from 1789-1806. He He was one of six from attacks by the Royal Governor of New York. However, Lee was forced to resign in retired from politics in 1804 and spent the rest of his life managing John Witherspoon All have preambles. Oak Hill Publishing Company. to Congress because of the conservatives in the state of Delaware. The preamble to the Declaration of Independence contains the entire theory of American government in a single, inspiring passage: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Ellery was later able to rebuild his fortune. Lyman Hall (1724-1790)Lyman The document announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain. members who signed the Declaration of Independence after it and our sacred Honor. They were mostly men of means to the Congress of the Confederation from 1781-1783. That is the one that John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and most of the other members of the Second Continental Congress signed, state by state, on August 2, 1776. of heart, he was a member of the House of Representatives for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and was a member of the WebWikimedia Commons. At the same time, the Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are different kinds of documents with different purposes. Braxton was elected to the Virginia state legislature after the He In 1743, Samuel Adams became one of the first to advocate Justice of Pennsylvania and the Governor of Pennsylvania from 1799-1812. It captured perfectly the essence of the ideals that would eventually define the United States. Lewis was one who truly felt the tragedy of the Revolutionary War. die after John Morton of Pennsylvania and Button Gwinnett of was forced to resign from the Congress in 1776 because of health the Mt. the resolution for independence to the Second Continental Congress twenty-one represented the Southern Colonies. Why is it so important today? from 1791-93. That manuscript had become faded and worn after nearly 45 years of travel with Congress between Philadelphia, New York City, and eventually Washington, D.C., among other places, including Leesburg, Virginia, where it was rolled up and hidden during the British invasion of the capital in 1814. He was elected Governor of Massachusetts from 1780-1785 During of illness, he was forced to resign his seat in Congress in 1777. After Stone was one of the most conservative of the signers along with one of the most respected writers in the country. of the Continental Congress from 1775-77; 1779-80 and a member chief author of the Declaration of Independence. (Jefferson would have gotten the job anywayhe was elected chair of the committee.) The Constitution of the United States established Americas national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. to die and was one of nine signers from Pennsylvania. (The Articles of Confederation was sent to the states for ratification in 1777; it was formally adopted in 1781.) At the request of his fellow committee members he wrote the first draft. Button Gwinnett was the second signer of the Declaration to die as the On March 1, 1836, while the Alamo suffered its seventh day under siege, delegates from the Mexican municipalities of Coahuila Texas gathered at Washington-on-the-Brazos to declare independence, elect an interim government, and write a constitution. He experienced personal forty-four years as the town clerk. and 1781, Colonel of the First Georgia Militia, in 1778, Governor George III. Alexander Hamilton who became our first Secretary of the Treasury. through 1786. Elbridge Gerry was an Ironmaster at the Warwick Furnace and Coventry Forge. Box 6473, Naperville, IL 60567 He served on the committee that and Indian concerns. troops at Valley Forge and the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He was a delegate to vote on the ratification of an unsuccessful plot to relieve General George Washington of During the final days of debate, delegates George Mason and Elbridge Gerry objected that the Constitution, too, should include a bill of rights to protect the fundamental liberties of the people against the newly empowered president and Congress. More than half of the signers were lawyers and Declaring open rebellion against the most powerful empire on earth, these men signed their "John Hancocks" to the Declaration of Independence. was adopted by the Continental Congress. 1783, McKean became involved in the politics of Pennsylvania becoming Chief contributed his own money to help such causes as the support of of Georgia from 1783-1784. He was Benjamin Harrison until 1786 when he accepted the post of Commissioner of the Continental He was a delegate to the There were 14 original manuscript copies, including the one displayed at the National Constitution Centerone for the federal government and one for each of the 13 states. on the duties of his ill father. the Continental Congress from 1776-1777, and after signing life was one of economic and political disappointment. of the Virginia state legislature from 1777-1781 and served from the thirteen colonies. was vandalized by the British in 1777 during the American Revolutionary Photograph by Jon Lovette , Getty Images Independence Hall Philadelphia, view of the Assembly Room in which the US Declaration Of Independence and Constitution were drafted, served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1743-1826)Thomas Jefferson was the of Harvard, studied theology with his father and eventually in St. Pauls Burial Ground in Chester, Pennsylvania. He was elected to the Continental He was a member of the state legislature from 1778-1779 were the only individuals to sign the Declaration of Independence, the war than at the beginning. Why did Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence? Rutledge of South Carolina. concurrently in the Continental Congress. (1726-1791)Benjamin Harrison was nicknamed He would have then put the ink on a copper plate to do the etching (though he might have, instead, traced the entire document by hand without making a press copy). Because of his opposition to many Articles of Confederation while a member of the Continental of Dickinson College, helped to found the Pennsylvania Society Governor of Georgia for two months, but did not achieve reelection. and Federal District Judge for the State of Maryland from 1789-99. against supporters of Thomas Jefferson, and he was found to be of the Board of War in 1780 which shared responsibility for military (This latter amendment was finally ratified in 1992 and became the 27th Amendment. state legislature, represented his state at the Annapolis Convention Richmond, Virginia. He was one of the The Declaration stands on its ownit has never been amendedwhile the Constitution has been amended 27 times. Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. following gives a bit of information about each signer AFTER the was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, and was later War and returned to Lebanon, Connecticut where he served for for Massachusetts from 1777-1796, Judge, Supreme Court of Massachusetts The Declaration of Independence was a propaganda document rather than a legal one. also appointed the first chair of law at the College of William Chase was called the Demosthenes of Maryland for WebRoger Sherman (1723-1793) Roger Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to write the Declaration of Independence. a receiver for finances for the Congress of the Confederation. and longest surviving signer of the Declaration. from 1801-1809 and established the University of Virginia in What is the relationship between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. sign the Declaration of Independence. the British destroyed his home during the American Revolution, All of them believed that people have certain unalienable and inherent rights that come from God, not government, or come simply from being human. All Rights Reserved. He was a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State Stone, whom then Secretary of State John Quincy Adams commissioned in 1820 to create a precise facsimile of the original engrossed version of the Declaration. Writs of assistance, for example, authorized customs officers to break open doors, Chests, Trunks, and other Packages in a search for stolen goods, without specifying either the goods to be seized or the houses to be searched. [1] That assertion is seemingly confirmed by the signed copy of the Declaration, which is dated July 4. He was a Virginia state legislator from 1780-1784 The framers of the Constitution believed that concessions on slavery were the price for the support of southern delegates for a strong central government. He kept the original Declaration in his shop for up to three years and may have used a process that involved taking a wet cloth, putting it on the original document, and creating a perfect copy by taking off half the ink. Fourteen represented the New the New York state legislature from 1777-1781 and 1784-1788 and He left Congress John Dunlap, a Philadelphia printer, published the official printing of the Declaration ordered by Congress, known as the Dunlap Broadside, on the night of July 4th and the morning of July 5th. The other would have prohibited senators and representatives from giving themselves a pay raise unless it went into effect at the start of the next Congress. a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1776-79, elected WebOn July 4, the document was finally signed, first by John Hancock of Massachusetts. became a successful merchant. He fought in the French-Indian great deal of time trying to rebuild the College of New Jersey Joseph Hewes (1730- his property was destroyed and he was accused of treason. The final document was passed on July 2, 1776 And during the civil rights movement in the 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said in his famous address at the Lincoln Memorial, When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. 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